Since 1999, our Research Department has released 59 scientific articles about transformer short-circuit calculations, tests, mathematical models, simulations and TRANSFORMER PROTECTOR efficiency to avoid transformer tank explosions and oil fires (list available upon request).
In order to study the energetic transfer phenomenon that occurs during a short circuit in transformers 2 experimental test campaigns were carried out; the first by Electricité de France in 2002 and the second by the Brazilian high voltage laboratory CEPEL, in 2004 on large scale transformers.
These 62 experimental tests consisted in creating low impedance faults in oil filled transformers equipped with the TRANSFORMER PROTECTOR. The tests showed that the arc first creates a huge volume of gas that is quickly pressurized, generating one high pressure peak that propagates through the oil. This First Dynamic Pressure Peak activates the TP within milliseconds preventing the transformer from exploding.
In addition to the experiments, a compressible two-phase flow numerical simulation tool has been developed. The experimental results have been used to validate the simulation model. Adding to this model a dynamic structural analysis package has been coupled to create a fluid structure interaction. These simulations definitively show the efficiency of the TRANSFORMER PROTECTOR fast depressurization system to prevent explosion and fire.
The arc used in the simulation, located at the base of the right bushing, has parameters given in the table below and total energy of 7.19 MJ.
| Current(Peak) | Voltage (Peak) | Frequency | Duration | Total Energy |
| 2,000 A | 80,000 V | 50.0 Hz | 0.110 s | 7.1986 MJ |
Since 1999, SERGI Research Departement has published the 59 publications as described below.
| Publication Title | Publication Reference | Year | |
| 1 | Development Of A Magneto-Thermo-Hydrodynamic Model And Design Of A Transformer, On Load Tap Changer And Bushing Oil Cable Box, Explosion And Fire Prevention | Amrpip1999.1 | 1999 |
| 2 | Comparison Of The SERGI Developed Magneto-Thermo-Hydrodynamic Model Results With Measurements Made On A 160kva Transformer | Amrpip2000.1 | 2000 |
| 3 | Pressure Relief Valve Efficiency Calculations By Comparison To The SERGI Transformer Protector During Transformer Short-Circuit | Amrpip2001.3 | 2001 |
| 4 | Study And Design Of Power Plant Transformers Explosion And Fire Prevention | Amrpip2001.1 | 2001 |
| 5 | Modélisation Magnéto-Thermo-Hydrodynamique Dans Une Cuve De Transformateur De Puissance Optimisation D’un Système De Prévention Contre L’explosion Des Transformateurs | Amrpip2004.1 | 2004 |
| 6 | Transformer Protector Financial Benefit | Amrpip2004.2 | 2004 |
| 7 | Global Fem Model To Study Power Transformers Behaviour During And After Inner Electrical Fault. Application To Explosion And Fire Protection | Amrpip2005.2 | 2005 |
| 8 | Transformer Protector Live Tests Program Completed By SERGI Since 2000 | Amrpip2005.1 | 2005 |
| 9 | Transformer Explosion And Fire Prevention Live Tests On Large Transformers: Analysis And Simulations | Amrpip2006.1 | 2006 |
| 10 | Study Of The Pressure Wave Propagation And The Depressurisation Process For An Electrical Transformer Subjected To Internal Arcing Design Of A Decision-Making Management Tool For Transformer Explosion Prevention | Amrpip2006.2 | 2006 |
| 11 | Transformer And On Load Tap Changer Explosion And Fire Prevention TP Efficiency When Using A Horizontal Or Vertical Decompression Chamber | Amrpip2007.3 | 2007 |
| 12 | Transformer Protector The Answer To Prevent Transformer Explosion: Experiments On Large Transformers, Analysis And Simulations | Amrpip2007.1 | 2007 |
| 13 | Investigations On Oil-Filled Transformer Explosion Prevention Experiments And Simulations | Amrpip2007.2 | 2007 |
| 14 | Prevention Of Transformer Tank Explosion Part 1: Experimental Tests On Large Transformers | Amrpip2008.7 | 2008 |
| 15 | Prevention Of Transformer Tank Explosion Part 2: Development And Application Of A Numerical Simulation Tool | Amrpip2008.7 | 2008 |
| 16 | Numerical Investigations To Prevent Transformer Tank Explosion | Amrpip2008.3 | 2008 |
| 17 | Investigations On The Prevention Of Oil Filled Transformer Explosion: Experiments And Numerical Simulations On Large Transformers | Amrpip2008.9 | 2008 |
| 18 | Investigations On Oil-Filled Transformer Explosion Prevention Experiments And Simulations |
Amrpip2008.10 | 2008 |
| 19 | The Answer For Preventing Transformer Explosion: Tests And Simulations On Large Transformers | Amrpip2008.11 | 2008 |
| 20 | Contribution To The Study Of Transformer Tank Rupture Due To Internal Arcing Development Of A Computer Simulation Tool | Amrpip2008.6 | 2008 |
| 21 | Prevention Of Oil-Filled Transformer Explosions | Amrpip2008.1 | 2008 |
| 22 | Prevention Of Oil-Filled Transformer Explosions | Amrpip2008.5 | 2008 |
| 23 | Comparison Of The Different Available Models For Pressure Rise Due To Internal Arcing And Evaluation Of A Fast Depressurization Method For Tank Rupture Mitigation | Amrpip2008.2 | 2008 |
| 24 | An Answer To Prevent Transformer Explosion And Fire: Live Test And Simulations On Large Transformers | Amrpip2008.8 | 2008 |
| 25 | Investigations On The Prevention Of Oil-Filled Transformer Explosion | Amrpip2008.12 | 2008 |
| 26 | Prevention Of Transformer Explosion: Tests And Simulations On Large Transformers | Amrpip2008.14 | 2008 |
| 27 | Protection Of Oil-Filled Transformer Against Explosion | Amrpip2008.13 | 2008 |
| 28 | Application Of A Decision Making Tool For Optimising Transformer Explosion Prevention | Amrpip2009.6 | 2009 |
| 29 | Transformer Explosion Prevention | Amrpip2009.3 | 2009 |
| 30 | Prevention Of Transformer Tank Explosion: Part 3: Design Of Efficient Protections Using Numerical Simulations | Amrpip2009.4 | 2009 |
| 31 | Prevention Of Transformer Tank Explosion : Part 4: Development Of A Fluid Structure Interaction Numerical Tool | Amrpip2009.4 | 2009 |
| 32 | Pressure Wave Propagation Induced By Short Circuits Inside Power Transformers: Development Of A Simulation Tool, Comparisons With Experiments And Applications | Amrpip2009.7 | 2009 |
| 33 | Simulation Du Comportement D’un Transformateur Soumis À Une Onde De Pression Interne | Amrpip2009.8 | 2009 |
| 34 | Protection Of Transformer Tanks Against Explosion: Experiments And Numerical Simulations | Amrpip2009.12 | 2009 |
| 35 | Application Of A 3D Computer Simulation Tool As A Decision Making Tool For Optimizing Transformer Protection | Amrpip2009.5 | 2009 |
| 36 | Protection Of Oil-Filled Transformers Against Explosion: Experiments And Simulations | Amrpip2009.11 | 2009 |
| 37 | Protection Of Oil-Filled Transformer Against Explosion | Amrpip2009.9 | 2009 |
| 38 | Protection Of Oil-Filled Transformers Against Explosion: Experiments And Simulations | Amrpip2009.13 | 2009 |
| 39 | Preventing Oil Filled Transformer Explosions With A Fast Depressurization Strategy | Amrpip2009.14 | 2009 |
| 40 | Protection Of Oil-Filled Transformer Against Explosion | Amrpip2009.10 | 2009 |
| 41 | Prevention Of Oil-Filled Transformer Explosion: Design Of Efficient Protections Using Numerical Simulations | Amrpip2010.7 | 2010 |
| 42 | Improving The Safety Of Generation Power Transformers | Amrpip2010.8 | 2010 |
| 43 | About The Safety Of Power Transformers In Nuclear Power Plants | Amrpip2010.10 | 2010 |
| 44 | Prevention Of Oil-Filled Transformer Explosion: Design Of Efficient Protections Using Numerical Simulations | Amrpip2010.11 | 2010 |
| 45 | Design Of Transformer Explosion Prevention Using 3D Numerical Simulations |
Amrpip2010.13 | 2010 |
| 46 | Investigation Of An Internal Arcing Event In An On Load Tap Changer Using Fluid Structure Interaction | Amrpip2010.2 | 2010 |
| 47 | Protection Of Power Transformers Against Explosion | Amrpip2010.17 | 2010 |
| 48 | Protection Of Power Transformers Against Explosion | Amrpip2010.18 | 2010 |
| 49 | Fluid Structure Interaction Methods In Prevention Of Transformer Explosion | Amrpip2010.4 | 2010 |
| 50 | Development Of A Fluid Structure Interaction Tool For The Study And Prevention Of Transformer Tank Explosions | Amrpip2010.1 | 2010 |
| 51 | Experimental Tests On Large Transformers Internal Arcing And Transformer Explosion Prevention | Amrpip2011.1 | 2011 |
| 52 | Improving the Safety of Power Transformers | Amrpip2011.4 | 2011 |
| 53 | Simulation Du Comportement D’un On Load Tap Changer Soumis À Une Onde De Pression | Amrpip2011.3 | 2011 |
| 54 | Transformer Fast Tank Depressurization with Oil Bushing Cable Box Protections | Amrpip2012.3 | 2012 |
| 55 | Experimental Tests on Large Transformers Using Fast Tank Depressurization Technique to Prevent Transformer Explosion | Amrpip2012.2 | 2012 |
| 56 | Development of a Two-way Coupling for Studying Power Transformers Subjected to Internal Dynamic Over-Pressures | Amrpip2013.1 | 2013 |
| 57 | Transformer Fast Tank Depressurization with Oil Bushing Cable Box Protections | Amrpip2013.2 | 2013 |
| 58 | Fast Tank Depressurization Successful Operation During Short-Circuit on a 400 MVA Transformer during Operation – Comparison of Parameters Recorded during Transformer Internal Arcing Event with Computational Simulations | Amrpip2014.2 | 2014 |
| 59 | Case Study on Mechanical Depressurization of Live Transformer Subject to Internal Arc | Amrpip2015.1 | 2015 |
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